Reflections on World's Leadership Research Paper - 2

Reflections on World's Leadership - Research Paper Example Further, great leaders formulate and convey strong beliefs and they do not simply impose their will. Instead they rally followers to support their visionary ideas through leading by example. This paper seeks to differentiate between two contemporary leaders using the mentioned features, among others. As mentioned in the preceding paragraph, leadership is termed as an influence association among leaders and followers who are interested in influencing real change, as well as, exceptional outcomes that reflect their shared rationale. Therefore, it is imperative to ask oneself what make an individual a good or a bad leader. For instance, Warren Buffett is termed to be one of the good business leaders in the world. The main question that everybody is interested in is to know what makes him successful as a leader. Buffet is a good leader because; his leadership has made a positive change in the world today (Spindler, 2008). There is a huge relationship between change and leadership and Buf fet has portrayed the ability to change the world and make it a better place. This is attributable to the fact that he has the ability to survive in very uncertain business ventures. As a leader, Buffet has adapted ways in which he can respond to crisis or change and channeled his ambition to change the world by achieving better goals (Mclaughlin, 2013). Understanding whether leaders are born or made is an aspect that is extremely imperative. This will assist in determining whether Buffett was a born a leader. Research and Experience depicts that there is little evidence showing that an individual that rises to power can be termed as a â€Å"born leader.† It is evident that Buffett has had challenges equal to other others leader. However, he has always managed to be successful in his work. This is because Buffett had learned from all his mistakes and managed to turn them into positive aspects. For instance, Buffett ensures that he has shared his leadership at all organization al levels by empowering others to share his responsibilities. This enables him to actively act efficiently in all categories as a leader (Mclaughlin, 2013). This is what creates a huge distinction between good management and leadership. Managers have controlling, organizing, and budgeting powers and Buffett contains leadership skills in all these three levels. These are traits that make an exceptional business leader (Daft, 2007). Another imperative trait that business leaders should posses is communication (Daft, 2007). Buffet is described as an accomplished communicator in all facets of his life. It is crucial to note that communication is the principal aspect in leadership. This is why many skilled communicators are able to appreciate for in the business world. Buffet has the experience to position himself in favorable positions in the business world. He is able to comprehend individuals that he is communicating to easily. He possesses audience knowledge and understands what diff erent people want thus capturing their concentration encouraging them to listen. This makes him a good leader because; he not only knows how to communicate with high profile people, but also with the subordinates with ease. Additionally, Buffett is an outstanding listener and

Lululemon Marketing Anaylsis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Lululemon Marketing Anaylsis - Research Paper Example The company boasts of her ability to incorporate fashion and style in their products, which has ensured her strong brand recognition and high number of sales. The company’s concentration in Canada is much better especially brand awareness than in the US despite the fact that it has more stores in US than Canada. Current Market According to Tucker, Lululemon identifies itself with a high quality as well as exclusive yoga and sporting apparel strictly meant for female (Web). It operates in numerous stores across North America, Australia and New Zealand where it offers women’s wear for yoga, dance, running and other sport events. Most of the company’s customers are high-income women that are insulated to prices and the downturn of the economy as was evident in 2008 when the sales grew despite economic challenges. It has more stores in U.S compared with Canada that contributed to the $452.9 million revenue and gross of $ 223. Lululemon intends to make her US brand as better as the Canadian one because US has more stores than in Canada. The company is putting a lot of effort boost her brand awareness in the US market (Tucker Web). The organization has successfully returned to the community that gives it support such as hosting free yoga events around town. The company focuses on high quality products, which attracts higher prices for her upper income women target. Lululemon ensures prestigious and exclusive products that act as fashion forward and shows a healthy, well off lifestyle. The expensive high-end workout apparel has seen it standing even amid recession in 2008 due to the current market perception of the brand. Target Market Lululemon’s target market is 18-34 fit, health conscious and fashion forward, high-income females who are the company’s vital customers. The active young thinking woman who are appearance conscious, physically fit and well educated. Lululemon targets mostly the upper and middle class females residing i n North America with the niche marketing strategy by pursuing a narrowly defined market segment. The niche market strategy has greatly contributed to the success of the company thus making it remain a primary market target. In the recent past, the company has been striving to gain reach the male workout market for some time (Tucker Web). New male clothing brand with very high quality is another target market that the company looks forward to dominate. The males targeted are educated and physically active and appearance conscious aged between 16 and 45 living in North America. It is also targeting the pre-teen girls who may not be identified with the more mature females as well as more for more value proposition within all brands of the company. The target customer for Lululemon is very complex, active as well as health and is aimed at carrying out product expansion and matching the lifecycle and social status of those women. Current Marketing Strategy Acording to Ellis, Lululemonâ⠂¬â„¢s goal is to implement brand extension and reposition brand awareness that may result into 10% total growth as well 5% female growth within the next one year (Web). The strategy also involves holding a challenge in five Canadian cities and general 10% increase until 2025. The company has laid down various marketing strategies that may boost her sales and cover wider market. There are special marketing displays proposed by the management that helps in displaying products in stores for customers to distinguish between the products.

Team Week Three Reflection Essay Example for Free

Team Week Three Reflection Essay This week Learning Team was tasked with understanding three objectives. Those objectives were as follows: 2.1 State the purpose of the business research. 2.1 Develop appropriate research questions and hypotheses. 2.3 Identify dependent and independent variables in business research. Our learning team discovered that business research is designed to increase your understanding a given management dilemma by looking for ways others have addressed or solved problems similar to yours. Business research can be applied in any number of ways in a business setting, such as determining what kind of business strategy your competitors are using, and finding ways that other businesses have countered that strategy in the past. Business research can also be used to determine how to market a product coming to market by creating research panels to determine how potential customers will react to the product. We also learned that unless proper research questions are developed along with a meaningful hypotheses, any research conducted will be flawed or incomplete. For instance, without asking potential customers in focus groups what they don’t like about your new product or service you may launch the new product and see dismal sales as customers reject your product because of the faults you failed to find or correct. A corresponding hypothesis will help direct the research once the correct questions are asked, as well as leading to further questions to help complete your research. Questions and hypothesis are therefor intertwined, and can be considered together when creating a research plan. Finally, we discovered that independent variables are unchangeable, such as a research population’s social status. An independent variable is manipulated by the researcher, and the manipulation causes an effect on the dependent variable. There is usually more than one independent variable, and each of them are usually â€Å"correlated† to some extent.

Missing Children Essay -- Law, Adam Walsh

The case of six-year old Adam Walsh is perhaps one that will never leave the minds of anyone initially horrified by its details. In 1981 young Adam was kidnapped from a local mall and regardless of tireless efforts by his parents John and Reve Walsh, volunteers, and law enforcement; Adam fell victim to murder. Two weeks after the boy went missing, his decapitated head was located, but his body was never found. This prompted his father John Walsh to start a campaign and legislature policy submission toward more stringent accountability for child crime offenders. â€Å"The murder transformed John Walsh's life, turning him from a middle-class hotel marketing executive into one of country's best known advocates for missing children† (Thomas, 2008). In this paper, the initial legislative policy signed into law by President George W. Bush and the current policy addition initiative sought by Mr. Walsh is examined. The Scope of the Initiative With the signing of the initial policy by President Bush in 2006, the Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act became law. Aforementioned, the policy directive was to enact tougher laws on child predators however; the policy contains two additional provisions that would violate states rights and state policy’s currently in place for adoptive, foster, and relative caregivers. The two provisions contained in the Adam Walsh law are to follow. 1. Modified existing requirements for conducting criminal background checks 2. Created a new requirement to conduct child abuse registry checks of prospective foster and adoptive parents. (Miller, 2007). The policy provisions left the states the discretion of choosing placement however, if those in the household filing for adoption or fostering o... ...l, such as in Morse’s report cited, now have the opportunity to voice concerns and suggestions. Conclusion The Adam Walsh Act while regulatory and legislative, still requires changes before all parties affected stand united in approval. Whereas Congress could use its spending power to encourage state compliance, not all states would view this as constitutional. There is much to do concerning this act, but the outcome is unpredictable. Current filings to repeal or revise the entire Adam Walsh Act exist such as by Citizens for Change in America, represented by Michael R. Handler. The repeal document cites the AWA as being draconian and going against Due Process and the Bail Reform Act of 1984. Only time will prove the Adam Walsh Act is successful as currently written, but undoubtedly there are changes to come with such opposition and reasoning.

Working Mothers and Its Effect to Children

Mothers’ involvement in the labor force displays significant increase in the last decade as well as reliance to non-parental child care. Considering the traditional view of motherhood and parenting, this condition raises the question regarding children’s welfare while their mothers are engaging in professional work. Such question is generally not a new one. Various studies have engaged on researches about children’s welfare in relation of their parent’s behavior for many years now. However, there are still no conclusive results particularly in answering the question whether a condition where a mother is working part or full-time result in a worse condition for the welfare of the children in comparison to a condition where the mother is constantly at home. This question is also in line to questions whether enhancement in working hours has particular effects to children’s condition. In this paper, I will address the issue by reviewing the proponents and opponents of the sentiment that ‘working mothers causes negative affects toward their children’ and present my own opinions and arguments to the discussion. I. Summary of Positions The proponents of the sentiment are supported by the traditional view of mother hood and parental roles. Thus, they generally become the more popular side of the debate in social studies. In empirical perspective, proponents of the sentiment uses numerous studies which relate children’s behavior to parental behavior and discover that children with working parents at different ages performs poorer than other group of children in several cognitive and social tests and observations (Brooks Gun, 2002, Aizer, 2002). One study revealed that infants in the age of one to three years old will have a poorer cognitive performance when their mothers are working in their babies’ first year of life. Another study indicated that adolescence who spend more time unsupervised by their parents will have poorer academic performance and more likely to engage in socially poor behaviors. The opponent of the sentiment uses the flaws of the researches above. Most of the studies that generated acceptable results were studies about how children would be negatively affected by poor care or poor environment. One study even results in the increase in children’s academic performance as their parents gained better jobs which mean longer working hours. Opponents of the sentiment argued that it was not the fact that the mother is working that negatively affected children’s welfare and development, it was the fact that the children was placed on worse care than their parents while their parents were at work. In the basis of this argument, better jobs would result the ability to provide better care for the children while their parents are working, and thus would not necessarily result negative effect for the children (Conger 1994, Dearing, 2001). II. Statement of Position My personal position in this matter is based on logic and empirical studies. Although traditional sentiment and our intuition let us to believe that working mother would obviously resulted poorer care of the children, there is no actual proof of the sentiment. Statistical researches have so far failed to conclude in positive that working mothers do cause negative effects toward their children. Some have clustered results and some even produce the opposite of the sentiment. In short, I stand in negative that working mothers generate negative effect toward children. Another reason of my standpoint is the consideration that children’s welfare consist of various factors rather only few. Researches who attempt to find correlation between children’s welfare and parental behavior are mostly concern over children’s cognitive abilities and academic performance. Few actually consider the social and actual psychological and physiological effect of working mother toward the children. On the contrary to the discussed sentiment, a study revealed that there is no correlation between children’s poor dietary quality to the mother being active in professional work (‘Working Mothers, 2005). There is also no statistical correlation between the development of children’s behavior to the fact that their mothers are working or not (Anderson, 2003). Most of the cases where children having poor cognitive and physiological development and academic performance, and their mothers are working, displayed other factors behind the ‘working mother’ factors. They were these other factors, like poor environment, poor and unprofessional care given by the people in charge of the child while the mother was working, poor education and insensitive mothers, which causes the negative effect toward the children (Brooks-Gun, 2002). III.Multicultural Application The state in which the sentiment is popular is different in different cultures. In Europe and the United States, working mothers are considered more common phenomena. There are fewer concerns over the issues of child care by working mothers especially with the availability of professional caretaker services. Within these cultures, the fear over neglected children is also less due to the presence of various studies revealing that there is no actual evidence that working mothers generate children with poorer state of mind, body and soul. In other cultures, especially more traditional ones, the sentiment has a stronger existence. Some cultures even consider the sentiment as a general truth. In these cultures, leaving the child in their growth stages are considered taboo rather than generating adverse effect toward children. The consideration is influenced by socio-cultural thinking rather than scientific thoughts. However, if researches are to be conducted within these countries, the result would be in the advantage of proponents of the sentiment. This is caused by the state of the culture which may not be able to provide alternative care (beside the birth mother) with similar or better quality. Furthermore, beliefs and cultural suggestions contribute to making the sentiment a reality within these countries. IV. Critical literacy Despite the popularity of the sentiment that working mother has negative effect on children, statistical researches revealed otherwise. A study even revealed that children at the age 10-12 displayed increased cognitive and academic performance as their parents’ working hours increased. The researcher believes that this odd result has several explanations. The first is the fact that increased working hours means better pay and increased ability to provide better care or assistance to children’s daily life and education. The second is considering the psychological effect on children as they watch their parents achieving success is life. In some families, parents’ achievement is considered to have a significant influence that boosted children’s self esteem and efforts (Conger 1994). This strengthened my argument that most researches neglected psychological factors in children’s development as they define the correlation between working mothers and negative effects toward children. V. Civil Literacy A large portion of working mother throughout the world has no choice but to engage in professional work. Thus, getting the truth out about how working mothers affected children’s conditions and development is very much important because it will influence the lives of these women and their families. In the developed world where people have more access to researches and studies, it is more possible for working mothers to understand the risks that they might face and how to reduce them. In the developing world on the other hand, this sentiment might lead to poorer condition of children and the entire family because mothers are not allowed to engage in professional work and bring in financial contributions. VI.Science Literacy Researchers discovered that in the age of 3, children whose mother are working in the first year of the children’s life have poorer cognitive performance compare to children’s whose mother are not working. However, similar results are not discovered when researchers observe other stages of children’s life and age. Some argued that in further ages, the test instrument is no longer able to take into account various factors that influences the children cognitive behavior and therefore, unable to display conclusive results (Brooks-Gun, 2002). In my opinion, this is just scientific evidence that there is no actual justification to the sentiment that working mothers negatively affects their children VII.Values Literacy Scientific and cultural discussions are not one and the same. In most occurrences, their encounter generated contradictive opinions regarding the same phenomenon. This is also the case within this particular discussion. Culturally speaking, mothers are the natural caretaker of children at any age. Going against this sentiment is not something many of us would agree with, especially in a more traditional society. Nevertheless, in the latest decade, we have witness a change of culture, especially in the United States and the European countries. The change was first caused by necessities and later become a trend. Today, there are many women who voluntarily choose to work rather than stay home with their children all day. Therefore, I personally believe that culture can be gradually shaped by altered way of thinking in the community. VIII. Conclusion In conclusion, despite the growing new trend, I believe that being a working mother can be a necessity rather than a choice. In light of this condition, it is necessary for us to justly identify whether being a working mother means generating negative effect toward one’s children. Researches showed that there are no actual correlation between a mother who actively engage in professional and the negative effect suffered by children. On the other hand, other studies revealed that factors like mother’s insensitiveness, poor environment, poor quality of the caretaker and other factors are the ones who actually have a negative effect toward children’s cognitive performance, academic performance and dietary quality. Bibliography Aizer, Anna. 2002. ‘Home Alone: Supervision After School and Child Behavior’. Center for Research on Child Wellbeing, Wallace Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544 Anderson, Patricia M., Kristin F. Butcher, Phillip B. Levine. 2003. â€Å"Maternal Employment and Overweight Children†, Journal of Health Economics, 22(3), 477-504. Brooks-Gun, Jeanne. Han, Wen-Jui. Waldfogel, Jane. 2002. ‘Maternal Employment and Child Cognitive Outcomes in the First Three Years of Life: The NICHD Study of Early Child Care’. Child Development, July/August 2002, Volume 73, Number 4, pages 1052-1072. Conger, R. D., & Elder, G. H. 1994. ‘Families In Troubled Times: Adapting to Change in Rural America’. Hawthorne, NY: Aldine DeGruyter. Dearing, E., McCartney, K., & Taylor, B. A. 2001. ‘Change in family income-to-needs matters more for children with less’. Child Development, 72, 1779-1793. ‘Working Mothers do not Adversely Impact on Children’s Diets’. 2005. Sci Tech. Retrieved July 11, 2007 from

Community based tourism

On the one hand, al local level, opportunities have been observed to evolve plans for the participation of new actors and strategies, and for the involvement of civil corporations in the development process. Tourism is the travel for recreational, leisure, family or business purposes, usually of a limited duration. Tourism is refers to travel to another location within the same country and as well as trans-national travel. The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people â€Å"traveling to and staying In places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes†.The concept of Community-based Tourism (CB) can be found in the work of Murphy (1985), where aspects concerning tourism and developing local communities are analyzed, and in a further study by the same author in 2004 (Murphy and Murphy, 2004). Along with these two studies, there are several other research papers analyzing the relationship between tou rism and local communities (such as Richards and Hall, 2000). This concept paves the way for new lines of investigation and for the possibility of tourism development together with other alternatives such as Pro-PoorTourism (PPTP); Community Benefit Tourist Initiatives (Cobalt) (Simpson, 2008); or Community-Based Enterprises (Cubes) (Mammary and Jones, 2007). To summaries, all these Initiatives agree that the destination community should be included In the tourism planning and management decision-making process, owed to three mall reasons: It considers them to be part of the tourist product, local communities adapt to changes easily, and it helps to open their minds. Several projects based on CB Kibosh, 2008), Asia (Enplane et al. 2006; Kaki, 2008; Kate, 2010), Oceania (Dyer et al. 2003), and in different countries of Latin America such as Brazil (Grouchier, 2007), Ecuador (Uric teal. , 2008), Mexico (Brings and Israel, 2004) and Peru (Zorn and Farthing, 2007). CB is based on the ac tive participation of the local community. This is why the creation of community events which may favors this type of tourism, while at the same time helping to create a relationship between the local community and visitors, is so important.To facilitate this, different public administrations, Non- Governmental Organizations (Nags), private institutions and the local community itself should get involved and work together. According to Enplane et al. (2006), the main limitations local communities have to face when implementing tourism projects are the following: lack of financial resources, infrastructure or know-how; limitations of a cultural kind; and potential conflicts between the different public administrations.At the same time, the following factors are described as being highly important for CB implementation (Kibosh, 2008): the inclusion of stakeholders, the evaluation of individual and collective benefits, the setting of objectives, And analysis f decisions to be implemente d. The main benefits of community tourism are the direct economic impact on families, socioeconomic improvements, and sustainable diversification of lifestyles (Mammary and Jones, 2007; Raster, 2010).CB is certainly an effective way of implementing policy coordination, avoiding conflicts between different actors in tourism, and obtaining synergies based on the exchange of knowledge, analysis and ability among all members of the community. One of the most controversial aspects in scientific literature is determining the number and type of tourists. Thus, Enplane et al. 2006) highlight the importance of receiving a small number of tourists, which means more contact with local culture and society. This way, the risk of tourists invading private aspects of the local culture is avoided.However, at the same time, his limited number of visitors reduces the economic resources generated by tourism Having taken this element into consideration, the creation of cooperatives allowing the communi ty to manage its own tourist resources is seen a fundamental element (Leap, 2007; Groans and Kaufmann, 2010). However, there are some negative aspects in the development of the tourist product, including he potential link between a high number of tourists, sex and alcohol, and the loss of cultural identity; and the hypothetical degradation of natural resources (They et al. 2002). In this case, residents have five alternatives to minimize this negative impact on the community – resistance, retreat, boundary maintenance, revitalization and adoption (Dugan, 1989). We must remember that tourism can change (or event destroy) the local culture if it is being treated as Just another tourist attraction and only aims for a rapid development of the area (Dyer et al. , 2003). CB is based on the reaction of tourist products characterized by community participation in their development.CB emerged as a possible solution to the negative effects of mass tourism in developing countries, and w as, and the same time, a strategy for community organization in order to attain better living conditions. Its core idea is the integration of hotel management, food and beverages, complementary services and tourism management, but also includes other subsystems (infrastructure, health, education and environment) as main characteristics, thus presenting a sustainable between the local community and visitors as a key element in the development of a aorist product (Choice et al. 2007). CB is protected and supported by different international organizations, such as the World Tourism Organization (2002), and has several objectives, among which community empowerment and ownership, social and economic development, conservation of natural and cultural resources, and a high quality visitor experience, should be noted. Community participation in tourism development has been originally developed and implemented in the so-called developed world, where tourism supply emerged.In these regions, sp ecial programmers have supported locally driven development. An example of this is the Else's LEADER programmers focusing on development of sustainable rural areas. It is now claimed that developing countries could avoid many of the problems that have plagued past tourism development by involving diverse social groups from the popular sectors of local communities in decision making. They should become convinced of the benefits of tourism and thus support its development or at least acquiesce to it with resignation rather than apathy.From the summary reflected above it becomes clear that a community-based approach requires mutual elaboration and co-operation, conceptualized as a process of Joint-decision-making among autonomous keys take holders of an inter-organizational, community tourism domain. It should be resolving planning problems and managing issues related to development of that domain. And it is exactly this that is missing in most developing countries. Now we come to the discussion of â€Å"preserve or develop† that is never ending, especially when focusing on developing countries.Community participation has been used to attempt readjusting the balance of power and reassert local community views against those of the developers or local authorities. Furthermore, though we think that community participation is a powerful tool to educate the community in rights, laws and political good sense, the question should be asked to what extent local people, with sometimes limited understanding of wider issues, can accurately decide what is best frothier long term well-being.Also, community participation should not only focus on this political dimension, ignoring financial and economic considerations which are often the primary drivers at local level. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: Community-Based Tourism (CB) enables tourists to discover local habitats and lilied, celebrates and respects traditional cultures, rituals, and wisdom. The community will be aware of the commercial and social value placed on their natural and cultural heritage through tourism, and this will foster community based conservation of these resources (www. Communicativeness's. Info). There are many study related on CB. Kaki (2008) developed the model of CB integrating the concepts the ladder of participation, power redistribution, collaboration processes, and social capital. The study demonstrated that the model can be used to assess the actual participation level in a study site. Bothersome, Byrd (2007) argued that there is not a definable single generic interest for the host community. The interests will be community can either assist in keeping an individual in a community or increase their chance to leave the community.Current tourism and tourism development in the community will also influence their support for future endeavors and their interactions with visitors. The support and interactions will in turn influence the overall success of the tourism development. Moreover, Baggier and Console (2009) elaborated the meaning of community in tourism. They argued that customers may interact with companies and other customers and may achieve more information that allows them to reduce their information asymmetry and become more empowered than they were in a pre-let era.Numerous recent researches report that online reviews and comments do influence individuals' purchase decisions, affecting the evolution of demand within communities. In this respect, virtual communities play a pivotal role in boosting tourist product innovation by leveraging learning from customer relationships. Customers may become a source of innovation since they gain an economic benefit from innovation which boosts their creativity, and show gig expertise which may be transferred to firms and among communities.Virtual communities allow people who interact to satisfy their own needs and to share purpose such as an interest, need, information exchange, or service that provides a reason for the community. Firms may leverage these communities by providing a suitable context where customers may share social conventions, language, and protocols. Bothersome, Bananas and Jasmines (2011) examined the potential of CB in Villain district municipality, as well as to propose measures to make this activity feasible.The study demonstrates that communities considered their participation in ours development reported a number of difficulties they have confronted with. The problems were mentioned most often: disagreement with the local government; lack of communal land; lack of finance; apathy and lack of initiative amongst local residents; lack of sociality and solidarity. Moreover, Lappers (2010) assesses the potential contribution of Community-Based Tourism Enterprises (Cubes) to poverty alleviation and empowerment.It shows that tourism income captured locally improves rural households' livelihoods and generates linkages in the local economy. On the Job learning, traini ng sessions and extensive support by non-governmental organizations and donors are further shown to empower rural actors and unlock socioeconomic opportunities for the future. In this context, Cubes can be characterized as pro-poor initiatives. However, this study provides counter evidence that the sustainability of such community tourism ventures is to be questioned.First, mainstreaming these projects within the competitive tourism commodity chain proves highly challenging and costly; second, communities' institutional and managerial capacity is weak and thus Cubes' viability is limited; finally, inadequate support by donors and non-governmental organizations fails to tackle challenges aced by community tourism ventures. Bothersome, Mammary and Jones (2007) evaluate the potential of Community-Based Enterprise (CUBE) as avenues of poverty alleviation in Kenya and the challenges facing them.The key factors that could influence local community attitudes towards CUBE fall into two cate gories: motivational factors and community factors. A sense of ownership was seen as critical so that local communities were adequately empowered and involved. CUBE initiatives had to be also have to be addressed. Furthermore, Foreleg and Boo (2012) studied Community- based customize. It aims at environmental conservation but it is also a way to empower communities, by allowing them a degree of control over tourism projects and their impacts.Foreleg and Boo explored the varying degrees of empowerment of host communities provided by community-based customize through a meta study analysis of six case studies of tourism projects. Not all contemporary tourism projects take local populations into consideration thus the six case studies are nonrandom selections for the purpose of representing the concept embodied in the thesis and showing its appropriateness with the new tourists' expectations. Furthermore, Salary (2012), studied community-based tourism using long-term anthropological fie ldwork in Tanzania.The study critically analyzes how well generally accepted community-based tourism discourses resonate with the reality on the ground. It focuses on how local guides handle their role as ambassadors of communal cultural heritage and how community members react to their narratives and practices. It pays special attention to the time-limited, project-based development method, the need for an effective exit strategy, for quality control, tour guide training and long-term our guide retention.Findings reveal multiple complex issues of power and resistance that illustrate many community-based tourism conflicts. The encounter with the â€Å"Other† is shown to be central and that the role of professional intermediaries in facilitating this experience of cultural contact is crucial. Tour guides are often the only â€Å"locals† with whom tourists spend considerable time: they have considerable agency in the image-building process of the peoples and places visit ed, (re)shaping tourist destination images and indirectly influencing the self-image of those visited too. Community Based Tourism Capacity Building Capacity building is important in preparing the community as a host as it will educate and prepare all community members to provide the best services. Through capacity building, skills are acquired. Training is given to increase the skill level and to strengthen the capacity of individuals and organizations to develop and support the program of CBT as a tourist activity. Capacity building for Kampung Sinaran Baru, Kempas homestay can be done based on study tour, where the community is learning to be better in Malaysia or abroad and the training program or course of communication are provided. Such courses are languages, computer skills training, finance and marketing courses, and homestay management. Part of the program for capacity building for the local community consists of eight modules described below and it is designed to educate and develop the skills of local communities. The modules are: Capacity Building -APEC TOURISM WORKING GROUP (TWG02/2008A) All the participants attain the course to learn how to behave in order to acquire good behavioral attributes. Every homestay has a first aid kit. Food safety, quality and knowledge is essential to the participants. Good level of communication with the tourists is highly encouraged because communication is very important to enhance learning and mutual understanding. Body language and signs aid high understanding and help participants to handle the tourists. The ministry of culture and tourism has a program in place, which is aimed at selecting a hand-full of participants and to train them on Basic English language skills. Many of them end up as better people by operating a public cookie’s kitchen which is part of the village tour by women or Teaching basket weaving and making handicrafts to the tourists Style of Leadership The success of CBT projects is essentially dependent on leadership and organisation. It is common for some members of a community to have more advanced skills or areas of experience than others. These people can champion their skills, show leadership in their skill area, and share their knowledge base with others in the community for everyone’s benefit (Effective Community Based Tourism: Sally Asker, Louise Boronyak †¦. ) In 2006, a female called Mrs. Norbi Binti Ahmad, is an Elder of the Kampung Sinaran Baru, Kempas homestay. As she teaches Quran, she had gained so much respect from the local community, she had the power to fight for the local community’s rights, and she is hardworking. Since 2006 she has been the only champion. Every 3 years they have an election to select local champion. The last time they had an election, competing with another nominee, she gained 40 out of 48 votes. The final decision is made by the local champion herself. Product development and packaging A tourism product in Malaysia that is becoming increasingly popular among local and foreign tourists is the homestay programme. Under the homestay programme, tourists live with a local family in a kampung (village) house and learn about close-knit family relationships, enjoy sumptuous home-cooked food and discover the simple lifestyle in the country. It offers a chance for visitors to experience the daily life outside of bustling capital cities and puts tourists closer to our natural â€Å"assets,† the culture and friendly people of Malaysia. Each homestay village has something unique to offer tourists and organizes its own special activities for their guests such as jungle trekking, fishing, rubber tapping, fruit picking, handicraft-making, etc. From just RM75 a day, a guest will be hosted by a family and share their meals and enjoy the daily routines of a kampung life. Accommodation is usually in traditional wooden houses on stilts set amidst a pretty landscaped garden. Basic amenities include bed and bathroom (either en suite or commonly shared). The homestay packages are priced between RM75 and RM295 ( per person) which include on-board bunk beds and meals, an entertainment coach with karaoke facilities for groups of 40 and above, as well as a full range of authentic traditional and cultural activities at the chosen homestay. The main objective of the programme is to promote the authentic experience of culture, tradition and lifestyle of the homestay communities. Sinaran Baru, Kempas homestay The experience derived from Kampung Sinaran Baru, Kempas homestay could be described as an amazing way of tradition life. Imaging been woke up first thing in the morning by the singing of birds and cockerels. Then feeling like sleeping more but the sounds of the birds continues to remind you to get up from the bed and face the beauty of the day. As you rise from the bed, open up your windows, plenty of fresh natural air salutes you. This unpolluted air brings in a new sense of life and energy for the day activities. Savory local food follows remarkable having lunch in the mushroom farm and the participation in a host of delightful activities throughout the day begins, such activities include harvesting local crops, visiting a fish farm, learning how to make traditional delicacies and playing traditional games. The unique experience which continues when the villagers try to involve tourists or rather engages them in the participation of cultural performances by inviting them to dance to the tune of their traditional music. This natural local enjoyment continues as fascinating spectrum of cultures and traditions in a Malay village of Kampung Sinaran Baru, Kempas indulge tourist in various village pastimes, from enjoyable indoor games to exciting outdoor activities. Furthermore, Tourist can acquire some basic farming skills for example, they can learn how to tap a rubber tree and learn how to weave a basket. They could visit the plantations, acquire some skills in harvesting, rubber tapping and fruits picking. Products and Activities Let’s relax and take your time to enjoy the beautiful scenery while mingling with the locals. You can experience the following at Sinaran Baru Rubber tapping, Homestay and Mushroom farming. There are activities like traditional dance, plantation visiting, mushroom farm, traditional game and handicrafts. 1. Mushroom farm (visit the farm and have lunch) especially for agriculture students. agro-tourism) Azmi said the company was started in 1986 with a shed has now grown to 10 barns that could accommodate as many as 60,000 blocks of mushroom. He said the response the company by the name of Mushroom Biotech Enterprise is moving one step further by introducing the concept of agro-tourism since February2007. He said the company is now able to attract tourists, especially from Singapore. â€Å"Through this company, they offer tour packages are preparing bre akfast of nasi lemak, two traditional cakes and drinks and fried mushrooms cost RM8 per person. . Typical Malay â€Å"kampung† house & local way of life (lifestyle) Visitors will experience the full spectrum of village life. Home-cooking lessons and meal times will surely be a memorable part of your stay. The wide variety and sumptuousness of painstakingly prepared dishes can sometimes be enough to confuse most people. Guests will learn how to prepare the food. This might include gathering, cooking and washing it as well. Experience the charm of Malay traditions that have been preserved throughout the ages, which remain very much alive. Live with your hosts, eat with them, be a part of their family. And when you return home, take with you a memorable cultural experience and the friendships of a family happy to welcome you whenever you return to Malaysia. 3. Traditional Malay dance & music (Zapin dance , kompang music) Zapin Zapin is a popular dance in the state of Johor. Introduced by Muslim missionaries from the Middle East, the original dance was performed to Islamic devotional chanting to spread knowledge about the history of the Islamic civilisation. Kompang Arguably the most popular Malay traditional instrument, the kompang is widely used in a variety of social occasions such as the National Day parades, official functions and weddings. Similar to the tambourine but without the jingling metal discs, this hand drum is most commonly played in large kompang ensembles, where various rhythmic composite patterns are produced by overlapping multiple layers of different rhythms. 4. Local traditional game (sepak raga,congkak,batu seremban) Tourists could experience playing Malay community traditional games such as sepak raga and congkak. 5. Fruit farm 6. Rubber & oil palm plantations

History of Education Essays

History of Education Essays History of Education Essay History of Education Essay Education began in the earliest prehistory, as adults trained the young in the knowledge and skills deemed necessary in their society. In pre-literate societies this was achieved orally and through imitation. Story-telling passed knowledge, values, and skills from one generation to the next. As cultures began to extend their knowledge beyond skills that could be readily learned through imitation, formal education developed. Schools existed in Egypt at the time of the Middle Kingdom. Matteo Ricci (left) and Xu Guangqi (right) in the Chinese edition of Euclid’s Elements published in 1607 Plato founded the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in Europe. The city of Alexandria in Egypt, established in 330 BCE, became the successor to Athens as the intellectual cradle of Ancient Greece. There, mathematician Euclid and anatomist Herophilus constructed the great Library of Alexandria and translated the Hebrew Bible into Greek. European civilizations suffered a collapse of literacy and organization following the fall of Rome in AD 476. In China, Confucius (551-479 BCE), of the State of Lu, was the country’s most influential ancient philosopher, whose educational outlook continues to influence the societies of China and neighbors like Korea, Japan and Vietnam. Confucius gathered disciples and searched in vain for a ruler who would adopt his ideals for good governance, but his Analects were written down by followers and have continued to influence education in East Asia into the modern era. After the Fall of Rome, the Catholic Church became the sole preserver of literate scholarship in Western Europe. The church established cathedral schools in the Early Middle Ages as centers of advanced education. Some of these establishments ultimately evolved into medieval universities and forebears of many of Europe’s modern universities. During the High Middle Ages, Chartres Cathedral operated the famous and influential Chartres Cathedral School. The medieval universities of Western Christendom were well-integrated across all of Western Europe, encouraged freedom of inquiry, and produced a great variety of fine scholars and natural philosophers, including Thomas Aquinas of the University of Naples, Robert Grosseteste of the University of Oxford, an early expositor of a systematic method of scientific experimentation, and Saint Albert the Great, a pioneer of biological field research. The University of Bologne is considered the oldest continually operating university. Elsewhere during the Middle Ages, Islamic science and mathematics flourished under the Islamic caliphate which was established across the Middle East, extending from the Iberian Peninsula in the west to the Indus in the east and to the Almoravid Dynasty and Mali Empire in the south.